|
Incarceration in the United States is one of the main forms of punishment, rehabilitation, or both for the commission of felony and other offenses. The United States has the largest prison population in the world,〔〔(Incarcerated In America: Why Are So Many People In US Prisons? (CHARTS) ). ''International Business Times.'' March 19, 2014. By Lisa Mahapatra. Chart showing incarceration rates of 50 most populous countries. Another chart showing what the inmates in the USA are in for (does not indicate reasons for probation and parole violations. Those offenses, such as drug tests, etc. change the breakdown of what inmates are in for).〕〔National Research Council. ''(The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences ).'' Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2014: "The U.S. penal population of 2.2 million adults is by far the largest in the world. Just under one-quarter of the world's prisoners are held in American prisons."〕 and the second-highest per-capita incarceration rate, behind Seychelles (which in 2014 had a total prison population of 735 out of a population of around 92,000).〔〔(Seychelles ). International Centre for Prison Studies.〕 In 2013 in the USA, there were 698 people incarcerated per 100,000 population. This is the U.S. incarceration rate for adults or people tried as adults.〔(United States of America ). International Centre for Prison Studies.〕〔(Entire world – Prison Population Rates per 100,000 of the national population. Highest to Lowest Rates ). For more details about the figures of any country, click on the name of that country. (World Prison Brief ). International Centre for Prison Studies. See (this page ) for breakdowns by region, whole world, prison population total, prison population rate, percentage of pre-trial detainees / remand prisoners, percentage of female prisoners, percentage of foreign prisoners, and occupancy rate.〕 According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), 2,220,300 adults were incarcerated in U.S. federal and state prisons, and county jails in 2013 – about 0.91% of adults (1 in 110) in the U.S. resident population.〔 Additionally, 4,751,400 adults in 2013 (1 in 51) were on probation or on parole.〔 In total, 6,899,000 adults were under correctional supervision (probation, parole, jail, or prison) in 2013 – about 2.8% of adults (1 in 35) in the U.S. resident population.〔(Correctional Populations in the United States, 2013 ) (NCJ 248479). Published December 2014 by U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). By Lauren E. Glaze and Danielle Kaeble, BJS statisticians. See (PDF ). See page 1 "highlights" section for the "1 in ..." numbers. See table 1 on page 2 for adult numbers. See table 5 on page 6 for male and female numbers. See appendix table 5 on page 13, for "Estimated number of persons supervised by adult correctional systems, by correctional status, 2000–2013." See appendix table 2: "Inmates held in custody in state or federal prisons or in local jails, 2000 and 2012–2013".〕 In addition, there were 54,148 juveniles in juvenile detention in 2013.〔Sickmund, M., Sladky, T.J., Kang, W., & Puzzanchera, C.. "(Easy Access to the Census of Juveniles in Residential Placement )". Click "National Crosstabs" at the top, and then choose the census years. Click "Show table" to get the total number of juvenile inmates for those years. Or go (here ) for all the years. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.〕 Although debtor's prisons no longer exist in the United States, residents of some U.S. states can still be incarcerated for debt .〔Knafo, Saki (February 12, 2014). (The U.S. Is Locking People Up For Being Poor ). ''The Huffington Post.'' Retrieved February 12, 2014.〕 The Vera Institute of Justice reported in 2015 that jails throughout the United States have become warehouses for the poor, the mentally ill and those suffering from addiction as such individuals lack the financial means or mental capacity to post bail.〔Timothy Williams (February 11, 2015). (Jails Have Become Warehouses for the Poor, Ill and Addicted, a Report Says ). ''The New York Times.'' Retrieved February 11, 2015.〕 According to a 2014 Human Rights Watch report, "tough-on-crime" laws adopted since the 1980s have filled U.S. prisons with mostly nonviolent offenders.〔(Nation Behind Bars: A Human Rights Solution ). ''Human Rights Watch,'' May 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.〕 This policy failed to rehabilitate prisoners and many were worse on release than before incarceration. Rehabilitation programs for offenders can be more cost effective than prison.〔(Why Texas is closing prisons in favour of rehab )〕 According to the Brennan Center for Justice, falling crime rates cannot be ascribed to mass incarceration.〔Oliver Laughland (February 12, 2015). (Mass incarceration does not explain dramatic fall in US crime, study finds ). ''The Guardian.'' Retrieved February 14, 2015.〕 ==History== (詳細はDorothea Dix discovered that prison conditions were, in her opinion, inhumane. Prisoners were chained naked, whipped with rods. Others, criminally insane, were caged, or placed in cellars, or closets. She insisted on changes throughout the rest of her life. While focusing on the insane, her comments also resulted in changes for other inmates. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Incarceration in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|